Identity and Mobility: Historical Fractionalization, Parochial Institutions, and Occupational Choice in the American Midwest

This paper examines the role played by identity, or a sense of belonging to a home community, in determining occupational choice and mobility. The analysis links competition between migrant networks in the Midwest when it was rst developing, and the in-group identity that emerged endogenously to support these networks, to institutional participation and occupational choice today. Individuals born in counties with greater ethnic fractionalization in 1860, where identity was more likely to have emerged, are (i) significantly more likely to participate in institutions such as churches and parochial schools that transmit identity from one generation to the next, and (ii) significantly less likely to select into mobile skilled occupations 150 years later. The effect of historical fractionalization on participation in these socializing institutions actually grows stronger over the course of the twentieth century, emphasizing the idea that small initial differences in identity can have large long-term effects on institutions and economic choices.identity, institutional persistence, networks, occupational choice, mobility

Identity and Mobility: Historical Fractionalization, Parochial Institutions, and Occupational Choice in the American Midwest

This paper examines the role played by a specific identity, defined as the attachment to a hometown, in determining occupational choice and mobility. The analysis links competition between ethnic networks in the Midwest when it was first developing, and the in-group identity that emerged endogenously to support these networks, to institutional participation and occupational choice today. Individuals born in counties with greater ethnic fractionalization in 1860 are today -- 150 years later --(i) significantly more likely to participate in institutions such as churches and parochial schools that transmit identity from one generation to the next, and (ii) significantly less likely to select into mobile skilled occupations. The effect of historical fractionalization on participation in these socializing institutions actually grows stronger over the course of the twentieth century, emphasizing the idea that small differences in initial conditions can have large long-term effects on institutions and economic choices.Identity, Institutional persistence, Networks, Occupational choice, Mobil- ity

Is Sex Like Driving? Risk Compensation Associated with Male Circumcision in Kisumu, Kenya

Mass adult male circumcision campaigns for HIV prevention are underway across much of Sub-Saharan Africa. However, concern remains about risk compensation associated with the reduction in the probability of HIV transmission per risky act. This paper examines the be- havioral response to male circumcision in Kisumu, Kenya. Contrary to the presumption of risk compensation, we find that the response due to the perceived reduction in HIV transmission appears to have been a reduction in risky sexual behavior. We suggest a mechanism for this finding: circumcision reduces fatalism about acquiring HIV/AIDS and increases the salience of the tradeoff between engaging in additional risky behavior and avoiding acquiring HIV. We also find what appears to be a competing effect that does not operate through the circumcision recipient's belief about the reduction in the risk of acquiring HIV.HIV/AIDS, male circumcision, risk compensation, beliefs, Kenya

There's no contest: Human sex differences are sexually selected

The official published version can be accessed from the link below - Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009An evolutionary psychological perspective drawing on sexual selection theory can better explain sex differences in aggression and violence than can social constructionist theories. Moreover, there is accumulating evidence that, in accordance with predictions derived from sexual selection theory, men modulate their willingness to engage in risky and violent confrontations in response to cues to fitness variance and future prospects

Dyson-Schwinger equations in quantum electrodynamics at finite temperature

The functional integral formulation of finite temperature field theory and its connection to statistical mechanics is reviewed. The one loop contributions to quantum electrodynamics at finite temperature are explicitly calculated. Dyson-Schwinger equations for quantum electrodynamics at finite temperature are constructed and possible methods of solving them are discussed

BAGAIMANA CARA YANG TEPAT DI DALAM MENGATUR SERTA MENENTUKAN JALAN HIDUP SERTA KARIR KITA KEDEPANNYA?

This community service activity was conducted in order to ensure that younger and future generations finally have several insights regarding the importance of determining and setting the career path that they want to achieve in the future from the present time in order to ensure that they won’t get lost in determining what they really want to do during the course of their life. It is mainly because most people, particularly those who are from the younger generations, tend to not have a specific and clear intention of what they want to do, or what they want to achieve in their life, in which, they tend to just follow through with their life without having any clear intentions of what they really want to achieve in their life. Therefore, it is important for the younger generations to fully understand the importance and the crucial aspect of understanding their passion, their interest, or their affection toward certain field that they wish to do, in which, such passion could eventually and potentially become their career which they could develop for the entirety of their life. This community service was conducted virtually through Google Meet because of the current COVID-19 pandemic which hamper the possibility that this community service activity was conducted physically to the participants. Meanwhile, a total of 27 participants who participated in this community service session are senior high school students from Bunda Mulia Senior High School. Furthermore, regarding the completion of this activity, author was hopeful that all participants could finally understand the importance of setting their own objectives and career path that they want to pursue in their life in order to prevent them from experiencing much confusion regarding what kind of job or what they want to do during the entirety of their life

Do CEO Gratification Preferences Influence Accounting Choices Near Retirement?

CEOs near retirement are less motivated to act in shareholders\u27 best interests than those planning to remain indefinitely; this is the horizon problem. Financial reporting that personifies the horizon problem includes an abrupt reduction in discretionary spending and an increase in current accounting earnings; this abrupt change in reporting is potentially detrimental to long-term gains. Gratification preference, defined by observable tendencies, is a personal characteristic reflecting one\u27s prior life experiences and environments. This study offers an archival measure of these gratification preferences and examines whether these preferences mitigate or exacerbate the CEO horizon problem. The results suggest that discretionary accounting choices close to CEO retirement are a function of the proposed measure of CEO gratification preferences. Advisor: Thomas Ome

Physicic-based algorithms and divergence free finite elements for coupled flow problems

This thesis studies novel physics-based methods for simulating incompressible fluid flow described by the Navier-Stokes equations (NSE) and magnetohydrodynamics equations (MHD). It is widely accepted in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) that numerical schemes which are more physically accurate lead to more precise flow simulations especially over long time intervals. A prevalent theme throughout will be the inclusion of as much physical fidelity in numerical solutions as efficiently possible. In algorithm design, model selection/development, and element choice, subtle changes can provide better physical accuracy, which in turn provides better overall accuracy (in any measure). To this end we develop and study more physically accurate methods for approximating the NSE, MHD, and related systems. Chapter 3 studies extensions of the energy and helicity preserving scheme for the 3D NSE developed in \cite{Reb07b}, to a more general class of problems. The scheme is studied together with stabilizations of grad-div type in order to mitigate the effect of the Bernoulli pressure error on the velocity error. We prove stability, convergence, discuss conservation properties, and present numerical experiments that demonstrate the advantages of the scheme. In Chapter 4, we study a finite element scheme for the 3D NSE that globally conserves energy and helicity and, through the use of Scott-Vogelius elements, enforces pointwise the solenoidal constraints for velocity and vorticity. A complete numerical analysis is given, including proofs for conservation laws, unconditional stability and optimal convergence. We also show the method can be efficiently computed by exploiting a connection between this method, its associated penalty method, and the method arising from using grad-div stabilized Taylor-Hood elements. Finally, we give numerical examples which verify the theory and demonstrate the effectiveness of the scheme. In Chapter 5, we extend the work done in \cite{CELR10} that proved, under mild restrictions, grad-div stabilized Taylor-Hood solutions of Navier-Stokes problems converge to the Scott-Vogelius solution of that same problem. In \cite{CELR10} even though the analytical convergence rate was only shown to be $\gamma^{-\frac{1}{2}}$ (where $\gamma$ is the stabilization parameter), the computational results suggest the rate may be improvable $\gamma^{-1}$. We prove herein the analytical rate is indeed $\gamma^{-1}$, and extend the result to other incompressible flow problems including Leray-$\alpha$ and MHD. Numerical results are given that verify the theory. Chapter 6 studies an efficient finite element method for the NS-$\omega$ model, that uses van Cittert approximate deconvolution to improve accuracy and Scott-Vogelius elements to provide pointwise mass conservative solutions and remove the dependence of the (often large) Bernoulli pressure error on the velocity error. We provide a complete numerical analysis of the method, including well-posedness, unconditional stability, and optimal convergence. Several numerical experiments are given that demonstrate the performance of the scheme, and how the use of Scott-Vogelius elements can dramatically improve solutions. Chapter 7 extends Leray-$\alpha$-deconvolution modeling to the incompressible MHD. The resulting model is shown to be well-posed, and have attractive limiting behavior both in its filtering radius and order of deconvolution. Additionally, we present and study a numerical scheme for the model, based on an extrapolated Crank-Nicolson finite element method. We show the numerical scheme is unconditionally stable, preserves energy and cross-helicity, and optimally converges to the MHD solution. Numerical experiments are provided that verify convergence rates, and test the scheme on benchmark problems of channel flow over a step and the Orszag-Tang vortex problem

Comparative effects of logging and wildfire on carbon and fire dynamics in resprouting and non-resprouting eucalypt forests

The tall (\u3e30 m) eucalypt forests of south-eastern Australia are valued for their carbon storage and sequestration. However, they may also act as a carbon source given that they are prone to large wildfires and subject to commercial logging. Logging may reduce carbon stocks, but the relative losses compared to wildfire have not been quantified in many types of these forests. There is also growing evidence that logging may make carbon stocks in affected forests less resistant to fire and increase the risk of wildfire. These dynamics may also vary between eucalypt forest types. Carbon and fire dynamics in forests dominated by eucalypt species that cannot resprout new foliage after fire may be more sensitive to antecedent disturbance than the more widespread resprouting eucalypt forests. Non-resprouting eucalypt forests are often subject to stand replacing wildfires, but such a response is inherently absent in resprouting eucalypt forests. Non-resprouting eucalypt forests are also subject to clearfell logging, while logging practices in resprouting eucalypt forests are often less intense. Hence, a thorough comparative assessment of the effects of logging, wildfire and carbon dynamics across these broad forest types is needed to inform ongoing management of tall eucalypt forests. In this thesis, I compare how logging and wildfire affect forest carbon stocks, carbon stability (the capacity for carbon stocks to persist through, and recover after likely disturbances) and the risk of fire. The effects of logging and wildfire are compared between resprouting and non-resprouting eucalypt forests. I measured above ground carbon stocks and fuel characteristics (using a terrestrial laser scanner) along approximately 80-year chronosequences of logging and wildfire. Most sites in the resprouting forest study area were subsequently burnt by a mixed severity fire during the 2019-2020 fire season, enabling me to measure the change in carbon stock associated with wildfire and how it was affected by antecedent disturbance and fire severity. I also assessed the effects of variations in fuel characteristics on the severity of the 2019-2020 wildfires. To determine the effects of logging and wildfire on fire weather conditions, I measured fire weather conditions below the canopy across approximately 70-year chronosequences of logging and wildfire in the resprouting study area

Dyson-Schwinger equations in quantum electrodynamics at finite temperature

The functional integral formulation of finite temperature field theory and its connection to statistical mechanics is reviewed. The one loop contributions to quantum electrodynamics at finite temperature are explicitly calculated. Dyson-Schwinger equations for quantum electrodynamics at finite temperature are constructed and possible methods of solving them are discussed